Learn more about Athanasius

Introduction to Athanasius

Athanasius of Alexandria (c. 296–373 CE) was one of the most significant figures in early Christian theology, known primarily for his staunch defense of Trinitarian doctrine during the Arian controversy. As the bishop of Alexandria and an influential theologian, Athanasius played a central role in shaping orthodox Christian doctrine, particularly concerning the divinity of Christ. His enduring contributions to theology and his unwavering commitment to defending the Nicene Creed earned him the title “Athanasius Contra Mundum” (Athanasius Against the World). His writings, such as *On the Incarnation*, remain foundational in Christian theology.

Athanasius Pronunciation

Athanasius is pronounced as ATH-uh-NAY-shuhs, with emphasis on the second syllable.

Athanasius in Christian History

Early Life and Rise to Leadership

Athanasius was born in Alexandria, Egypt, and educated in the city’s vibrant intellectual and theological environment. His early exposure to Christian doctrine and his association with Bishop Alexander of Alexandria prepared him for leadership. As a deacon, he accompanied Bishop Alexander to the First Council of Nicaea in 325 CE, where he emerged as a vocal opponent of Arianism, a theological view that denied the full divinity of Jesus Christ.

Bishop of Alexandria

Athanasius became bishop of Alexandria in 328 CE, a position he held for 45 years, despite multiple exiles due to political and theological conflicts. His episcopate was marked by his tireless defense of Nicene orthodoxy against Arianism and his pastoral commitment to his flock.

The Arian Controversy

The Arian controversy centered on the nature of Christ’s divinity. Arius, a priest from Alexandria, taught that Jesus Christ was a created being and not co-eternal with God the Father. Athanasius vehemently opposed this view, affirming the co-equality and co-eternity of the Father and the Son as articulated in the Nicene Creed. His theological insights and unwavering stance made him a cornerstone of the orthodox Christian faith during this turbulent period.

Athanasius’ Writings and Theological Contributions

*On the Incarnation*

One of Athanasius’ most celebrated works, *On the Incarnation*, expounds on the significance of Christ’s incarnation for salvation. Athanasius argues that the Word became flesh to restore humanity’s communion with God, defeat death, and redeem creation. The treatise includes his famous assertion: “God became man so that man might become god,” highlighting the transformative power of the incarnation.

Defender of the Nicene Creed

Athanasius’ theological writings, including his *Orations Against the Arians*, provided a robust defense of Trinitarian theology. He argued that Christ’s divinity was essential for the salvation of humanity, as only God could reconcile humanity to Himself. His work laid the groundwork for the Cappadocian Fathers’ later elaboration of Trinitarian doctrine.

The Festal Letters

Athanasius is credited with one of the earliest canonical lists of the New Testament in his 39th Festal Letter (367 CE). This letter confirmed the 27 books recognized as the New Testament canon today and reflects his influence in shaping early Christian orthodoxy.

Theological Significance of Athanasius

Athanasius’ legacy is deeply intertwined with the preservation and articulation of orthodox Christian doctrine:

• Defense of Christ’s Divinity: Athanasius affirmed that Christ was “of the same essence” (*homoousios*) as the Father, ensuring that the church upheld the full divinity of Jesus.
• Trinitarian Theology: His work was foundational for the development of Trinitarian doctrine, influencing later ecumenical councils.
• Christology: Athanasius’ teachings on the incarnation and redemption emphasized the necessity of Christ’s dual nature—fully God and fully man.
• Canonical Authority: His affirmation of the New Testament canon shaped the trajectory of Christian scripture and theology.

Related Terms and Meanings

- Arianism: The heretical doctrine denying the divinity of Christ, which Athanasius opposed. - Nicene Creed: The statement of faith formulated at the First Council of Nicaea, which Athanasius defended. - *Homoousios*: A Greek term meaning “of the same essence,” central to Athanasius’ Christological arguments. - Incarnation: The doctrine of God becoming human in the person of Jesus Christ, central to Athanasius’ theology. - Orthodoxy: The adherence to correct doctrine, which Athanasius championed through his writings and leadership.

Trivia and Interesting Facts about Athanasius

• Athanasius was exiled five times during his episcopate, spending a total of 17 years away from Alexandria due to his theological stance.
• He is often called the “Father of Orthodoxy” for his role in preserving the Trinitarian faith during the Arian controversy.
• Despite the controversies of his time, Athanasius’ theological works influenced the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed, which remains a cornerstone of Christian doctrine.
• Athanasius’ works were later embraced by both Eastern and Western Christian traditions, demonstrating his universal influence on the church.
• He was canonized as a saint in both the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic traditions, and his feast day is celebrated on May 2.