Learn more about Apocrypha

Introduction to Apocrypha

The Apocrypha refers to a collection of ancient writings included in some Christian Bibles but not recognized as part of the canonical Scriptures by all traditions. The term, derived from the Greek word apokryphos, meaning “hidden” or “obscure,” is used to describe texts that were often included in the Septuagint (the Greek translation of the Old Testament) but later excluded from the Hebrew Bible. The Apocrypha includes works of historical, moral, and theological significance, providing valuable insight into Jewish and early Christian thought during the intertestamental period (400 BCE–1 CE).

Apocrypha Pronunciation

“Apocrypha” is pronounced as uh-POK-ruh-fuh, with emphasis on the second syllable.

Books of the Apocrypha

The specific books included in the Apocrypha vary by tradition, but common texts include:

• 1 and 2 Maccabees: Historical accounts of the Jewish struggle against Hellenistic rule, including the origins of Hanukkah.
• Tobit: A narrative emphasizing piety, family loyalty, and divine intervention.
• Judith: The story of a courageous woman who saves Israel by assassinating the Assyrian general Holofernes.
• Wisdom of Solomon: A philosophical exploration of wisdom, righteousness, and the afterlife.
• Sirach (Ecclesiasticus): A collection of ethical teachings and proverbs.
• Baruch: Reflections on exile and restoration attributed to the prophet Jeremiah’s scribe.
• Additions to Esther and Daniel: Supplementary sections that expand the narratives of these canonical books.

Apocrypha in Biblical History and Context

The Apocrypha emerged during the Second Temple period, a time of significant cultural and theological development for the Jewish people. These texts reflect the struggles, hopes, and religious reflections of the Jewish diaspora under Greek and Roman rule. They address themes such as faithfulness to God, the rewards of righteousness, and divine intervention in history.

Usage in Different Christian Traditions

The inclusion of the Apocrypha varies among Christian denominations:

• Roman Catholic Church: Recognizes most of the Apocrypha as deuterocanonical (second canon), including them in the Old Testament.
• Eastern Orthodox Church: Includes additional texts, such as 3 and 4 Maccabees, in its canon.
• Protestant Church: Generally excludes the Apocrypha from the canon, though they may be included as valuable historical and devotional writings.

Primary Related Scriptures and Historical Context

• 1 Maccabees: Historical account of Jewish resistance against Hellenistic rulers (e.g., Antiochus IV).
• Tobit 4:5-11: Ethical exhortations on almsgiving and righteousness.
• Wisdom of Solomon 3:1-9: Reflections on the rewards of the righteous after death.
• Judith 8–13: The courageous actions of Judith in saving Israel.

Theological Significance of the Apocrypha

The Apocrypha bridges the gap between the Old and New Testaments, providing context for the religious, social, and political landscape into which Jesus was born. Themes of divine justice, martyrdom, and eschatological hope resonate with the teachings of the New Testament. While not universally considered inspired Scripture, the Apocrypha remains influential in shaping Jewish and Christian thought.

Related Terms and Meanings

- Septuagint: The Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible, which included the Apocrypha. - Deuterocanonical: A term used by the Catholic Church for books included in the Apocrypha. - Second Temple Period: The historical era during which many Apocryphal texts were written.

Trivia and Interesting Facts about the Apocrypha

- The Apocrypha includes some of the earliest references to the resurrection of the dead (e.g., 2 Maccabees 7). - The festival of Hanukkah, celebrated by Jews, originates from events described in 1 and 2 Maccabees. - Some early Church Fathers, such as Augustine, considered the Apocrypha as part of the canon, while others, like Jerome, did not. - The King James Version of the Bible initially included the Apocrypha in a separate section, reflecting its historical and devotional importance. - The Apocrypha provides valuable insights into Jewish theology and practice during the intertestamental period, helping readers understand the context of Jesus’ ministry.