Learn more about Ashtaroth

Introduction to Ashtaroth

Ashtaroth is a significant name in the Bible, associated with the worship of a Canaanite deity and a city in the ancient Near East. The term is often used in its plural form, *Ashtaroth* or *Ashtoreth*, referring to the goddess Astarte, a prominent figure in the religious practices of Canaan and surrounding cultures. Ashtaroth also appears as a city in the region of Bashan, known for its historical and geographical importance.

Ashtaroth Pronunciation

“Ashtaroth” is pronounced as ASH-tuh-roth, with emphasis on the first syllable.

Ashtaroth in the Bible

Ashtaroth as a Deity

Ashtaroth, or Ashtoreth, is the name of a fertility goddess worshiped in Canaanite religion. She was associated with Baal, the storm god, and represented fertility, love, and war. The Bible frequently condemns the worship of Ashtaroth as idolatrous and warns against Israel’s adoption of Canaanite religious practices:

• Judges 2:13: The Israelites are criticized for abandoning Yahweh and serving Baal and the Ashtaroth.
• 1 Samuel 7:3-4: Samuel instructs the Israelites to put away the Ashtaroth and return to the Lord.
• 1 Kings 11:5: Solomon’s idolatry included worshiping Ashtoreth, the goddess of the Sidonians, leading to God’s displeasure.

Ashtaroth as a City

Ashtaroth also refers to a city in the region of Bashan, east of the Jordan River, which was associated with the Rephaim, a group of ancient giants or warriors. Key biblical references include:

• Deuteronomy 1:4: Ashtaroth is mentioned as part of the territory ruled by King Og of Bashan, who was defeated by Moses and the Israelites.
• Joshua 13:31: The city of Ashtaroth was allotted to the half-tribe of Manasseh as part of their inheritance.
• 1 Chronicles 6:71: Ashtaroth is listed as one of the cities given to the Levites.

Ashtaroth in Biblical History and Context

Ashtaroth as a deity reflects the religious practices of the Canaanites and their influence on Israel. The Bible portrays the worship of Ashtaroth as a major spiritual challenge for Israel, leading to periods of apostasy and divine judgment. The city of Ashtaroth, on the other hand, played a role in Israel’s conquest and settlement of the Transjordan region, symbolizing God’s victory over powerful enemies like Og of Bashan.

Primary Related Scriptures

• Judges 2:13: Israel’s idolatry in serving Baal and the Ashtaroth.
• 1 Samuel 7:3-4: Samuel calls Israel to forsake the Ashtaroth and return to God.
• Deuteronomy 1:4: Mention of King Og and Ashtaroth as part of his domain.
• Joshua 13:31: Ashtaroth included in the inheritance of the half-tribe of Manasseh.
• 1 Kings 11:5: Solomon’s worship of Ashtoreth as part of his turn to idolatry.

Theological Significance of Ashtaroth

Ashtaroth symbolizes the temptation of idolatry and the spiritual struggles of Israel in maintaining fidelity to Yahweh. The frequent mention of Ashtaroth in contexts of apostasy and repentance underscores the ongoing tension between cultural assimilation and covenant faithfulness. The city of Ashtaroth highlights God’s power in granting Israel victory over formidable enemies and fulfilling His promises to His people.

Related Terms and Meanings

- Baal: A major Canaanite deity often worshiped alongside Ashtaroth. - Bashan: The region where the city of Ashtaroth was located, ruled by King Og. - Rephaim: An ancient group of giants or warriors associated with Ashtaroth and Bashan.

Trivia and Interesting Facts about Ashtaroth

- The name Ashtaroth or Ashtoreth is derived from Astarte, a goddess worshiped throughout the ancient Near East, including Phoenicia, Syria, and Mesopotamia. - The worship of Ashtaroth often included fertility rites and practices condemned by the biblical authors as immoral and idolatrous. - The city of Ashtaroth was a key stronghold in the territory of Bashan, making its conquest by Moses and Israel significant in the narrative of the Promised Land. - The Levites’ inheritance of Ashtaroth as a city reflects its integration into Israel’s spiritual and administrative framework. - Archaeological evidence from the region of Bashan points to the historical and cultural prominence of cities like Ashtaroth in the ancient Near East.